Method of manufacturing fire retardant polystyrene insulating board

ABSTRACT

Fire retardant polystyrene insulating material is manufactured from expandable polystyrene beads in admixture with a phenol-formaldehyde or melamine-for-maldehyde resin in resole form, the resin containing a blowing agent and a surfactant. The insulating material is formed from the bead-resin mix by applying dielectric heating to foam the resin, expand the beads, and cure the foamed resin to a closed cell structure.

FIELD OF INVENTION, BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART

The field of the invention relates to expanded polystyrene insulationmaterial, and more particularly to insulation material produced fromadmixtures of expandable polystyrene beads with binders or fillers.

Polystyrene is produced in an expandable granular form referred to aspolystyrene "beads". The beads have a closed cellular structure andcontain an expanding agent such as pentane. The beads may be formed intointegrated bodies, such as sheets or slabs, by a molding process inwhich steam and heat are applied to cause the beads to soften, expand,and integrate. In most applications, the beads are subjected to apre-expansion before being formed into the molded bodies, the beadsbeing only partially expanded during the pre-treatment. Polystyreneinsulating board as presently produced from such beads usually does notcontain any additional binders or fillers. However, the patentliterature contains some descriptions of such composites. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,151,604; 3,251,916; and 4,079,170.

In the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,151,604, pre-expandedpolystyrene beads are combined with a thermol plastic polymeric bondingagent that is adapted to flow at a temperature lower than the expansiontemperature range of the beads. This mixture is mechanically preformedat a temperature at which the thermoplastic is flowable but below atemperature at which the beads expand. Thereafter, the preformed mass issubjected to heat to expand the beads.

The U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,916 discloses the formation of composite bodiesfrom expanded polystyrene and a polyurethane binder. Other disclosedbonding agents include drying oils, varnishes, and rubber latex gels,which are to be used together with the polyurethane. The polystyrenebeads are expanded before being mixed with the binder. U.S. Pat. No.4,079,170 describes the impregnation of a pre-formed sheet of expandedpolystyrene with a wax composition, liquified wax being forced into thesheet under pressure and hardened by cooling.

One of the known disadvantages of expanded polystyrene insulation isthat it is a flammable material which can contribute to fire spreading.The incorporation of fire retardant chemical has been proposed, but suchchemicals increase the cost of the insulating material. Further, theincorporation of fire retardant chemicals may interfere with theself-bonding of the polystyrene beads during the manufacture of theboard, thereby reducing the mechanical strength of the insulation andincreasing its friability. Heretofore, no method has been proposedwhereby the fire resistance of polystyrene bead insulation can beappreciably increased at minimal additional cost, and with substantialimprovement in other desirable properties.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

This invention relates to a method of manufacturing fire retardinginsulation material from expandable polystyrene beads, which contain aheat-activatible expanding agent. For the purpose of in situencapsulation of the beads, a premix of the polystyrene beads is formedwith a heatfoamable thermosetting resin composition. The preferredresins are phenol-formaldehyde and/or melamine-formaldehyde resins.After forming of the premix, it is subjected to heating in enclosedmolds to obtain integrated molded bodies composed of resin-encapsulatedpolystyrene beads. At the time of molding, the beads are in partiallyexpanded condition, and are capable of further expansion on theapplication of heat. The heating during molding is at temperatureseffective for concurrently foaming the resin and expanding the beads.

The resulting molded bodies, which may be in the form of sheets orslabs, have greatly improved fire retardant properties, as determined bythe standard flame spread test. The limiting oxgyen index is alsoimproved. Further, although the cost per cubic foot for insulatingmaterial of the same density generally corresponds with that ofpolystyrene beads alone, other important properties are appreciablyimproved, including a reduction in thermal conductivity, and majorimprovement with respect to dimensional change under varyingtemperatures.

THE DRAWINGS

The method of the present invention and the products produced therebyare illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein

FIG. 1 is a diagramatic perspective view of an apparatus and method forpreparing the molding mix;

FIG. 2 is a diagramatic sequential illustration of the moldingoperation,

FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the insulating material showingthe resin encapsulation of the polystyrene beads; and

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a composite of the insulationmaterial of this invention bonded to facing sheets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Expandable polystyrene in granular or so-called "bead" form is availablecommercially. For example, such beads are sold under the trademark name"Styropor" by BASF Wyandotte Corporation, Wyandotte, Mich. The Styroporbeads are impregnated with a foaming agent which on application of heatacts to expand the beads. Such expandable polystyrene beads and theirmethod of production and use are further described in patents issued toBASF or a related corporation, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,243,717;4,369,227 and 3,661,810 while various expanding agents may beincorporated in the closed-cell polystyrene beads, such as thosecommonly used for foaming plastic resins, the commercial foaming agentis commonly pentane.

As sold, the unexpanded polystyrene beads are capable on the applicationof heat of providing a volumetric expansion of 20 to 25-fold. Theexpanding process, as described in the cited references, involves theuse of direct steam heating. Typically, the beads are subjected to apre-expansion in a mixer-type apparatus into which the steam isintroduced, the extent of the expansion being controlled so that theresulting pre-expanded beads are still capable of further expansion. Forthe purpose of the present invention, the styrene beads are used in aform wherein they expand by heat, but are preferably in the partiallyexpanded form now employed for the molding of insulating material. Forexample, the unexpanded styrene beads as supplied by the manufacturermay be expanded by from 50 to 90% of their total expansion volume beforebeing formed into the molding mix of the present invention. The beadspreferably should be capable of a volumetric expansion of at least from10 to 50% with reference to their volume as incorporated in the moldingmix.

The pre-expanded beads may range in diameter from about 1 to 5millimeters (mm). Preferably an admixture of large and small beads areused, such as from 10 to 30 parts by weight of small beads of 1 to 2 mmper 100 parts of large beads of from 3 to 5 mm.

The other primary ingredient of the fire retarding insulation materialof this invention is a heat-foamable thermosetting resin composition.The resin component is preferably a phenol-formaldehyde resin, amelamine-formaldehyde resin, or mixtures thereof, such as 4 parts byweight of the phenolic resin to one part of the melamine resin. Theseresins are preferably employed in the form of Resoles, that is, asA-stage resins. The Resoles are water soluble and contain a predominanceof methylol groups. However, Resolites or B-stage resins can also beemployed which are capable of being cured to the final C-stage Resitepolymers. Such phenolic and melamine resins are available commerciallyin the form of Resoles. For example, phenol-formaldehyde Resoles aresold by Clark Chemical Corp., Blue Island, Ill., by Ashland ChemicalCompany, Columbus, Ohio, and others. Suitable melamine-formaldehyderesins in the form of Resoles are available commercially from theMelamine Division of Ashland Chemical Company. The volume of resin topre-expanded beads in the molding mix may range from 5 to 75 parts resinto 100 parts beads. Preferred proportions are from 10 to 50 parts of theresin per 100 parts by volume of the partially expanded beads.

The resin composition in addition to the resin as described abovepreferably also includes a blowing or foaming agent, a catalyst, and asurfactant. For example, the blowing agent may be trichlorofluoromethane(Freon 11), trichlorotrifluoromethane (Freon 113), n-pentane, ormethylene chloride; the catalyst may be phenolsulfonic acid or toluenesulfonic acid; and the surfactant may be sorbitan monooleate with 20moles ethylene oxide, sorbitan monolaurate with 20 moles ethylene oxide,or comparable surfactant.

Examples of preferred thermosetting resin compositions are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        Formula A                                                                     Ingredients           Wt. %                                                   ______________________________________                                        Phenolic resin (Resole)                                                                             80                                                      Sorbitan monooleate with 20 moles                                                                   4                                                       of ethylene oxide                                                             Freon 11              8                                                       Phenol sulfonic acid  8                                                       (65% w/w as PSA)                                                              ______________________________________                                    

    ______________________________________                                        Formula B                                                                     Ingredients           Wt. %                                                   ______________________________________                                        Melamine formaldehyde resin                                                                         82                                                      Sorbitan monolaurate with 20 moles                                                                  2.5                                                     of ethylene oxide                                                             Freon 11              5.8                                                     Freon 113             2.5                                                     Phenolsulfonic acid   7.2                                                     (65% w/w as PSA)                                                              ______________________________________                                    

The thermosetting resin will comprise the major ingredient of the resincomposition. In combining the resin composition with the polystyrenebeads, the resin content can range from 10 to 100 parts by weight ofresin per 100 parts of the polystyrene beads. A preferred range is from20 to 60 parts of the resin per 100 parts by weight of the beads.

Usually it would be preferable to preform the resin composition,combining the resin, surfactant, blowing agent and catalyst, and thencombining this composition with the polystyrene beads. Since the resincomposition will be in liquid form, it may be admixed with the beads ina mixer apparatus, such as paddle mixers, or screw conveyors providing amixing-kneading action. The resulting premix of the beads and resinprovides a moldable mixture, which can be formed into sheets, slabs, andthe like for use as insulating material. The molding composition ispreferably used as prepared in a continuous operation, but the moldingcomposition can be held at room temperature for 30 to 60 minutes ifnecessary, prior to molding.

In the molding operation, the molding composition is charged to molds,such as rectalinear molds, which are provided with heating means. Afterthe molds are closed and locked to withstand pressure, heat is applied,such as by dielectric heating means. In general, the temperatureemployed in the molding operation should be sufficient to foam the resincomposition, expand the beads, and cure the resin. Temperatures of from100° to 150° F. will usually be sufficient for the molding operation.The molding time will vary with the heating means, but where dielectricheating is employed, molding times of as short as from 10 to 60 seconds.During the molding operation, the resin further polymerizes, reachingthe final C-stage of resin polymerization. In the final product, theresin substantially fills the void spaces between the polystyrene beadseffectively coating or "encapsulating" the beads, such as the preferredmixture of large and small beads, as described above.

MANUFACTURING EXAMPLES

Referring now to the drawings, an apparatus for preparing a molding mixis shown in FIG. 1. As there shown, two sizes of polystyrene beads arecontained in feed hoppers .Iadd.100 and 101.Iaddend.. The beads havebeen pre-expanded by contact with heat, being expanded from theiroriginal volume by about 2000% and being capable of further expansion ofabout 25%. For example, the small beads .Iadd.in hopper 100 .Iaddend.mayhave an average size of about 1-2 mm, and the large beads .Iadd.inhopper 101 .Iaddend.an average size of about 4-5 mm. The feeding of thebeads can be proportioned so that from about 1 part of the small beadsare combined with 4 parts by volume of the large beads. As illustratedin FIG. 1, the intermixed beads are fed by means of a screw conveyor.Iadd.102 .Iaddend.to an intermediate section into which there isintroduced the resin composition, which has been formed, as illustrated,by intermixing the phenolic or melamine resin with a surfactant, blowingagent, and catalyst .Iadd.respectively in bins 103, 104, 105 and 106which discharge to hopper 107.Iaddend.. For example, Formulas A and B asset out above can be used. The resin composition is fed into the beadsat a rate providing on the basis of the resin content of the composition20-30 parts of resin per 70-80 parts by volume of the mixed beads. Afterthe introduction of the resin, the beads and resin are further kneadedand .Iadd.transferred through tube 108 to be .Iaddend.mixed by the screwconveyor .Iadd.109.Iaddend.. The resulting molding composition isdischarged .Iadd.through nozzle 100 .Iaddend.into a storage bin.

FIG. 2 illustrates a molding operation sequence. The molding mixture.Iadd.13 .Iaddend.from the storage bin is supplied to a mold .Iadd.10.Iaddend.through a suitable feed chute .Iadd.12.Iaddend.. It is spreadand leveled in the mold .Iadd.at 13a, .Iaddend.and then the mold isclosed .Iadd.by cover 11 .Iaddend.and clamped .Iadd.by clamps 14,15.Iaddend.. Heat is applied such as by means of dielectric heatingelements. The frequencies used may range from 25 to 30 megahertz (mhz)at a power level of 1 to 5 kilowatts (kw). The internal temperature ofthe mold mixture during the molding operation can range from about 125°to 150° F. On completion of the molding operation, the mold is opened,and the molded slab .Iadd.13b .Iaddend.of insulation board is removed.The cross-sectional appearance of the molded slab is illustrated in theenlarged view of FIG. 3. The large white circles .Iadd.1b.Iaddend.represent the large beads and the small white circles .Iadd.sb.Iaddend. the small beads. The dark material surrounding and enclosingthe beads is the polymerized and cured resin.

During the molding operation, if desired, various substrates may beadhesively attached to the upper and/or lower surfaces of the moldedslabs. Such a composite is illustrated in a cross-section of FIG. 4. Forexample, the upper layer .Iadd.f1 .Iaddend.may comprise wood fiber boardimpregnated with asphalt and the lower facing layer .Iadd.f2.Iaddend.pressed wood. A wide variety of other facing materials can beused, including aluminum foil, wood, sheet rock, steel, cardboard,fabric, fiberboard, fiberglass, etc.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES

For the purpose of testing the properties of insulation materialprepared by the method of this invention, samples were prepared from aphenol-formaldehyde resin and pre-expanded polystyrene beads as follows:(1) 25% resin with 75% beads, and (2) 35% resin with 65% beads. Thesepercentages are by volume and relate to the mix prior to molding. Aresin composition like Formula A above was mixed with partially expandedpolystyrene beads comprising about 80% by volume of 4-5 mm beads with20% of 1-2 mm beads, which were capable of being expanded 20-25%. Themolding mixture was charged to molds equipped with dielectric heatingmeans, and molded therein into rectalinear blocks, using a moldingtemperature of approximately 125°-150° F. Specimens from each of themold mixtures were then tested for physical properties. The results aresummarized below in Table A, which includes a comparison with a standardcommercial polystyrene board. The phenolic resin used was a resole resinsupplied by Clark Chemical Company as resin CR-3588 (70- 80% solids;1.23-1.26 specific gravity; 1000-2000 cps viscosity, 7-8 pH; 70-90seconds Stroke cure; 200-300 seconds gel; and 9-12% water).

                  TABLE A                                                         ______________________________________                                                             IR Resin  IR Resin                                                            Encap PS  Encap PS                                                    Polystyrene                                                                           (25%)     (35%)                                          ______________________________________                                        Density (#/ft.sup.3)                                                                         1.25      1.50      1.75                                       Thermal Conductivity                                                          BTU/hr/°F./in/ft.sup.2                                                                0.23      0.20      0.19                                       W/m °C.  0.0332    0.0288    0.0274                                    Coefficient Linear                                                                           80        20        25                                         Expansion (× 10.sup.-6)                                                 Closed Cell Content %                                                                        90-95     90-95     90-95                                      Dimensional Stability                                                                        0.5       <0.5      <0.5                                       Shrinkage (at 80° C.)                                                  Limiting Oxygen                                                                              17        22        25                                         Index (LOI)                                                                   Compressive Strength                                                                         25        27        29                                         (#/in.sup.2)                                                                  Thermal Stability                                                                            20-25     10-15     <10                                        (Flame Spread                                                                 ASTM-E-1621)                                                                  Smoke Density  >10       <10       >10                                        (NBS Chamber %)                                                               Estimated Cost 3.44      3.52      3.59                                       (per cubic foot)                                                              ______________________________________                                    

I claim:
 1. The method of manufacturing fire retarding insulationmaterial from expandable polystyrene beads containing a heat-activatableexpanding agent, .Iadd.said beads being capable of a volumetricexpansion of at least 10%.Iaddend., comprising:(a) preparing a moldablemixture of said beads with a heat-foamable thermosetting resincomposition, the resin component of said composition being selected fromthe class consisting of phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyderesins, said resin being in resole form and containing a blowing agentand a surfactant, from 5 to 75 parts by volume of said resin beingpresent per 100 parts of said polystyrene beads in said mix; and (b)applying dielectric heating to portions of said moldable mixture inenclosed molds to obtain integrated molded bodies composed ofresin-encapsulated polystyrene beads, said dielectric heating beingeffective for rapidly foaming said resin, expanding said beads, andcuring the foamed resin to a predominately closed cell structure.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 in which said resin is a phenol-formaldehyde resin,and is employed in an amount of from 10 to 50 parts by volume per 100parts of said polystyrene beads.
 3. The method of claim 1 in which saidresin is a melamine-formaldehyde resin, and is employed in an amount offrom 10 to 50 parts by volume per 100 parts of said polystyrene beads.4. The method of claim 1 in which said dielectric heating is at atemperature of about 100° to 150° F. and is completed in 10 to 50seconds. .Iadd.
 5. The method of claim 1 in which said expanding agentis pentane. .Iaddend.